bittersweet nightshade toxicity

It is best practice to wear protective clothing and gloves when handling this plant because contact may result in skin irritation or dermatitis. . A dietitian can help you reduce your allergies and identify and manage them through a diet that eliminates them. The nightshade plant is a shrub type plant that produces purple flowers and is found across North America. The Pet Poison Helpline has been asked by our company to assist us in determining which plants are most toxic for pets this summer. The lower stems are woody. It is true that the name black nightshade (Solanum americanum, S. nigrum, and S. ptychanthum) is associated with fear, but this is due to the toxic effects it is supposedly capable of. Once the nightshade toxin has left your dogs system, his mood and behavior should return to normal. The bark is light brown, thin, and has lenticels. Symptoms Blue nightshade poisoning can affect many parts of the body: EYES, EARS, NOSE, AND THROAT Dry mouth Enlarged (dilated) pupils STOMACH AND INTESTINES Diarrhea Nausea and vomiting Stomach pain HEART AND BLOOD Pulse -- slow Shock LUNGS The stems are stiff, erect, and climbing with a hollow pith and single bundle scar. Solanine is poorly absorbed by the body leading to gastrointestinal upset. There is no guarantee that natural products are always safe, and dosages can be important. The leaves and stems of some nightshade plants contain alkaloids, which can be poisonous if ingested in large quantities. Toxicity from the nightshade plant may be considered moderate to severe. Bittersweet nightshade is a perennial woody vine that grows up to 10 ft. in length and climbs when there's adequate support. To make the most of your time in the garden, you should be familiar with the plants in your area and use common sense when selecting plants to grow. The family also includes some very poisonous plants such as belladonna and deadly nightshade. Peeling potatoes before cooking them can help you reduce the amount of glycoalkaloids you consume. Bittersweets fruit, which has a yellow-orange three-lobed capsule with orange-red seeds, is best enjoyed during the autumn season. Divide each cutting into two equal pieces, and place each in a pot with perlite and sphagnum moss on the cutting end. By tipping their arrows in liquid made from the plant, the Romans preserved their arrows. They are extremely dangerous, and even the LEAVES and BERRIES themselves are poisonous. An American bittersweet vine (Celastrus scandens) is a flowering vine with a strong scent. They ripen during the summer and fall. Children who consume two or four berries from the Atropa belladonna plant can be killed. In severe cases, individuals may experience hallucinations, paralysis, and even hypothermia. Some of the nightshades vegetables may appear harmless, but there may be serious health risks associated with them. Remember that these plants are toxic, so wear gloves and other protective clothing and wash your hands well after working with them. The flowers attract bumblebees and insects. Nightshades have a variety of phytonutrients that aid in the fight against cancer. How harmful is bittersweet nightshade? The phytonutrients found in bell peppers are known to have cancer-fighting properties, including quercetin and lycopene. Cleaning solutions, antifreeze, fragrance sprays, and other household chemicals can be obtained by pets. Some people believe that eating nightshade vegetables can cause cancer. Althoughit is not usually the dominant weed where it is found, in some local creeks and wetlands it has formed large, dense and damaging infestations. If you chew on only one leaf, you may end up with a dirty nap. According to some nutrition experts, repeated exposure to solanine can cause an inflammatory reaction. If your dog is experiencing diarrhea, a fecal sample will be collected and tested to rule out internal parasites or bacterial overgrowth. nasal congestion. Adult berries can kill up to 20 people in a single night. There is no logical reason to eliminate nightshade vegetables because they are nutrient-dense. While bittersweet nightshade is poisonous if ingested, it is not poisonous to touch. It can become so prolific that it is grows out into the creek, creating a false gravel bed and interfering with fish movement upstream. As red and luscious as they seem, nightshade's berries are best left on the vine. Because of their natural pesticides, glycoalkaloids are found in plants and provide nightshades. Although it is very toxic, its roots were historically used for everything from witchcraft to treating bruises. Gastric lavage and activated medical charcoal will assist in the elimination and neutralizement of any toxins. Some of the nightshades vegetable list items may present serious health risks. You can also dig up nightshade, or loosen the soil with a mattock or . As a member of the nightshade family, it even has that familiar tomato smell, which can be tempting to inexperienced foragers or children. This plant is a great addition to any garden, and it is relatively easy to care for. Most of them will be unable to enter your bloodstream if your digestive tract is intact and healthy. diarrhoea and dilated pupils. Clear away by hand or with hand tools, and return regularly to remove it as it regrows. The red fruits grow in truss-like clusters, which is why they can be mistaken for wild tomatoes. Nightshades are high in nutrition and may be beneficial to arthritis patients. Nightshades can be poisonous in addition to the deadly nightshade. Saponins disrupt normal cell pathways leading to cell death. Many cases of poisoning have been reported as a result of eating green berries. The plant is widely accepted to be used in Native American medicine for a variety of purposes. The plant has small, purple flowers and red or black berries. The leaf surface is smooth to sparsely hairy. Potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants are just a few of the nightshade vegetables. Because the fruits of Bittersweet Nightshade may be toxic to humans, however . The stems of the vine are many-branched, smooth, and purple to greenish-brown. Carrots, onions, and broccoli, in addition to carrots and onions, are not included on the nightshade vegetable list. A complete blood count (CBC), chemistry panel, and packed cell volume (PCV) will provide the veterinarian with a broad understanding of how the organs are filtering the blood. Nightshades have been blamed for the deaths of kings, emperors, and warriors in history. But, the LEAVES or BERRIES are UNSAFE, and are very poisonous. Can you touch climbing nightshade? Bittersweet Nightshade, Climbing nightshade, Bittersweet, Deadly Nightshade, Poisonous: Family: . Certain my dog got a hold of some woody nightshade berries, took her to a vet earlier. The light green leaves can vary in size (2.5-7 cm) and even in shape. Nightshades have no negative health effects and most people should not be concerned about them. The bittersweet nightshade is a perennial, climbing shrub that can reach about 2-3 metres in height. The most poisonous species is Atropa belladonna, also known as devils fruit or deadly nightshade. Following the blooms, berries that resemble eggs or green fruits that turn yellow, orange, or bright red after ripening. Blood work and other laboratory work may be performed to diagnose any internal damage. The plant provides shelter and nesting for wildlife. All parts of the bittersweet nightshade are toxic to humans, pets, and livestock. Roots grow horizontally just below the soil. 10819 Carnation-Duvall Rd NE, Carnation, WA 98014, About Conservation & Restoration at Oxbow, Best Management Practices for bittersweet nightshade. The vine can be easily grown if the right conditions are met. It is more likely to cause delirium or hallucinations if a person consumes a nightshade instead of a lethal poison. Potato glycoalkaloids, which are found in potato, are the most toxic of all the nightshade foods. Climbing Nightshades various components are toxic to humans, so gloves and protective clothing are required when handling this plant. Fortunately, bittersweet nightshadehas a strong, unpleasant odor, so most animals will avoid it, and poisonings from this plant are not very frequent. The answer to this question is a little complicated. There are four different species of deadly nightshade, all of which are poisonous. The information in this article is provided solely for informational purposes. However, when given in excess or ingested via the nightshade plant, it becomes toxic. Deadly nightshade is especially dangerous to humans, pets, and livestock due to the presence of hyoscyamine, atropine, atropamine, belaplomine, and scopolamine. It is best practice to wear protective clothing and gloves when handling this plant because contact may result in skin irritation or dermatitis. All plant parts are toxic, and the noxious weed produces clusters of poisonous bright red berries in the fall. It would be best to have her seen again for a recheck, as she may need ongoing fluids or further care. If he is having mild respiratory distress, he may receive oxygen via flow by or may be placed in an oxygen cage. It wasnt until the nineteenth century that the notorious poison of kings became more prevalent. While this plant is a native plant in many areas, it is extremely toxic to your dog. As long as you monitor the edges for any escapees, you should see success within a few years. Symptoms of deadly nightshade poisoning include: Mouth dryness There are many nutrients and health benefits found in foods that are similar to those found in other foods. This woody vine is poisonous, and care should be taken when handling this plant. This plant is less dangerous to animals than other plants, and poisonings from it are uncommon. Seasons of interest: Tobacco products can cause a wide range of diseases, including death, if consumed. The nightshade plant is in the Solanaceae family and Solanum genus. Food allergy symptoms include: itchiness or rash. Bittersweet nightshade is toxic to people as well as pets and livestock. If she wasn't showing those signs when they saw her, they may have thought that she was okay. Solanine is a toxic alkaloidal glycoside that is found in nightshade varieties and green potatoes. Some nightshade plants include the potato, tomato, and eggplant. The flowers appear in clusters and hang toward the ground. Flowers hang downward. The petals peel backwards from the flowers face. Nightshade (Solanum americanum) is poisonous to humans, as far as I am aware. If you ever become poisoned by a poisonous nightshade plant, call the Poison Control Center right away. This plant grows from rhizomes and is a slender climbing or trailing perennial reaching 6 feet in length. This category of flea treatment is illegal due to the packaging, which resembles brand-name products, and the fact that it is packaged in cartons. However, if you suffer from an autoimmune disease like IBD, you may want to avoid them. The plant grows as a perennial vine or semi-woody shrub and the woody sections are white and brittle. This plant is toxic to people, pets, and livestock. The vineprovides a nesting site and protective covering for birds and other animals. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. The entire plant contains solanine, the same toxin found in green potatoes and other members of the nightshade family, and it also contains a glycoside called dulcamarine, similar in structure and effects to atropine, one of the toxins found in deadly nightshade. Some scientists have speculated that nicotine may be to blame for people becoming addicted to nightshades. Nightshades may irritate some peoples allergies. If you are unsure about whether a food is a nightshade, consult a doctor or a food intolerance specialist. The toxins the nightshade plant produces are solanine, saponins, and atropine-like substances. Found in hedgerows and gardens, it has purple flowers with yellow stamens. Solanine has been shown in studies to kill a wide range of cancer cells. The genus name, Solanum, is from the Latin word solamen, which means "comforting or soothing." Vomiting, Diarrhea, Drooling, Dilated Pupils. A lesson learned. After being on the plant for a long time, berries are still present on the plant during the winter, brightening winter landscapes and attracting birds. Solanine levels in seeds, berries, and leaves are the highest. Blumenthal M, ed. A radiograph may be taken to allow the veterinarian a closer look at your dogs heart and lungs if he is experiencing cardiac or respiratory issues. Symptoms of belladonna poisoning include dilated pupils, tachycardia, hallucinations, and death. Solanine is found in all parts of the plant, but is most concentrated in the leaves and berries. If handled, the leaves and stems can cause skin irritation and burning. Many birds are able to eat the berries and they are the primary way that seeds are spread. However, the sap from the plant can cause skin irritation in some people. If you consume American Bittersweet berries, you may experience stomach upset or diarrhea. All parts of the nightshade plant are poisonous, including the leaves, berries, and roots. Caffeine can also be found in a wide range of drinks, including coffee, tea, soda, and energy drinks, and pets may be poisoned if they consume these beverages. This plant has dark green leaves that turn to purple. Why are nightshade plants poisonous? Bittersweet Nightshade Solanum dulcamara Nightshade family (Solanaceae) Description: This perennial plant is a semi-woody vine about 2-8' long. The severity of the toxicity will be determined by which part of the nightshade plant was eaten and the amount your dog consumed. Nightshades are an excellent source of nutrients and may provide health benefits. Flowers followed by round or egg-shaped berries that ripen from green, to orange, to bright red. The Vethelpline resource contains answers to some of the most difficult pet health questions. So far it hasnt been too much of an issue. Its possible that increased intestinal permeability is connected to autoimmune conditions such as celiac disease, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Heart rate and respiratory rate will be monitored closely but should return to normal with supportive therapies. It is recommended that intact skin in good condition be used as a barrier. Nightshade plants are a large family of flowering plants that include many common vegetables and fruits. Bittersweet is a nightshade, so is toxic; its bright red berries may be tempting, but can cause serious illness. Because bittersweet nightshade is very widespread and not on the State Noxious Weed List, we are not tracking locations. Nightshades are members of the Solanum plant family, which contains a compound called solanine. If you have intestinal permeability or if you eat a lot of potatoes, you may notice an increase in stool levels. The stem contains only low concentrates of alkaloids and therefore toxicity. Worried about the cost of Nightshade Poisoning treatment? S. Klein. Some people who are intolerant to other vegetables may benefit from consuming them, in fact. There are numerous other healthy foods to choose from. Nightshade vegetables have not been shown to cause autoimmune diseases in studies. Talk with your doctor about glycoalkaloids, which can have digestive problems. Poisoning of pets is, on the other hand, a relatively common problem. Anti-bitter nightshade Herbicides containing the active ingredient glyphosate (Round Up and many others), triclopyr ( Garlon and others), or imazapyr (Habitat others) are effective. Pets have a number of health advantages in addition to affecting human health. 2 Commonly grown by crafts enthusiasts, the initial color of the fruit's husk is green. The plant has been reported as an invasive species in parts of the United States including Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Washington, and Wisconsin. Insects, Diseases, and Other Plant Problems: Bittersweet nightshade may be susceptible to aphids, flea beetles,potato beetles, and thrips. I hope that your puppy is okay, and that you were able to seek veterinary care if needed. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you. It is critical to determine the correct dosage of bittersweet nightshade based on several factors, including the users age, health, and other factors. quercetin is a bioflavonoid found in onions and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. 2023 Wag Labs, Inc. All rights reserved. They may also have a rash or hives after sneezing, coughing, or breathing difficulties. The common name, bittersweet nightshade,comes from the sweet and bitter taste of the leaves and roots. 1st ed. To protect them, taste testers for the king drank less toxic amounts of toxic substances. Its important to keep these items out of reach of our furry friends, and to be aware of the signs of toxicity in case they do come into contact with something harmful. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version. This plant causes serious toxic side effects when ingested. Nightshade vegetables have been linked to inflammatory symptoms in recent years, and some diets recommend avoiding them. It is regularly found growing amongst our meadows with reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea), a highly invasive grass species. Azores, temperate Eurasia to North Indo-China, Northwest Africa. According to a new study, LGB children are less likely to be bullied if their parents are supportive. They can provide guidance on how to remove it from your property. Nightshades do not have to be avoided if you are healthy and do not have any health-threatening adverse reactions. This plant contains toxic alkaloids, including atropine, which can cause severe toxicity in dogs. Capsaicin, which is found in chili peppers, may help with arthritis pain. Bittersweet Nightshade berries (Photo by Rosser1954 on Wikimedia Commons) American black nightshade is an annual flowering shrub. Some argue that they were called that because they grow in shade and bloom at night, which is how most of them are named. For women, the drug may be prescribed for menstrual dryness. The leaf color is dark green on the upper surface and is light green beneath. alkaloids can be found in the plants edible parts as well. The color of the pollen is also an important factor in determining how male flowers bloom. The toxic element, solanine, is the same element that causes problems in green potatoes. In contrast to American Bittersweet, which is yellow in color, oriental bittersweet is white in color. Nightshades can cause some people to be intolerant, but the vast majority of people are oblivious to them. Bittersweet nightshade does not survive cultivation. While nightshade plants are not poisonous to humans, some of their parts can be toxic. The Bittersweet Nightshade is less severely toxic. In comparison to orange Bittersweet, yellow capsules are used in oriental Bittersweet. All parts of the bittersweet nightshade are toxic to humans, pets, and livestock. If you consume it, you should seek medical attention if you experience any side effects. In Italy during the Renaissance, Deadly Nightshade was a popular cosmetic. Deadly nightshade leaves are brightly colored, pale green and ribbed, and they have an oval shape. Nightshades, according to the American Dietetic Association (ADA), are a great source of fruits and vegetables. The toxin amount varies with soil, light, climate and growth stage. I also have extensive knowledge of plant life, soil health, and garden design, and I'm always eager to share my knowledge with others. It can be a problem in wetlands. American bittersweet has fruits and flowers along the length of its stem, whereas oriental bittersweet has no fruit or flowers at all. Experts believe that eating only six berries could lead to respiratory distress or cardiac arrest. Berries that kill adults are estimated to be ten to twenty in number. Vitals will be taken and abnormalities will be noted. White nightshade flowers, on the other hand, are the flowers of the common nightshade plant, whereas lavender or bluish nightshade flowers are the flowers of the climbing nightshade plant. According to Lachman, these foods are both healthy and inexpensive. It is also known as belladonna or deadly nightshade. The plant will grow along the ground or will climb up trees or structures such as fences or walls. After working in the garden or going for a walk in the woods, wash your hands. The young stems are purple and then turn greenish-brown and do not have tendrils. If necessary, it should be fertilized with a glyphas inhibitors-based herbicide only, and it should be controlled if necessary. Bittersweet, a plant, can be harmful to humans. This weed has three lobed leaves that are only found on two basal lobes. The antioxidant resveratrol, which gives eggplant its purple color, has been shown to reduce cancer, diabetes, and infections in studies. However, depending on the situation, there is nothing to be concerned about. The bittersweet plant (Solanum dulcamara) is a climbing shrub that is native to Europe and Asia. Others may choose to avoid them due to their sensitivities. This can be attributed to the fact that these vegetables belong to the Solanaceae family, which is a flowering family. A Step-by-Step Guide To Repotting A Christmas Cactus Cutting In Dirt: Everything You Need To Know! The foods that these people consume are extremely healthy and provide a number of health benefits, says Lachman. You could be right. Solanine is poisonous to humans and can cause serious health problems if consumed in large quantities. These plants are all part of the Solanaceae family and contain a toxic compound called solanine. When fruits and seeds are consumed in conjunction with Celastrus scandens, they can cause mild to severe gastrointestinal disturbances. Bittersweet nightshade is highly toxic for dogs Solanum dulcamara . Bittersweet nightshade is a vine-like plant that is found throughout North America, Europe, and Asia. My Peterson Field Guides to Eastern / Central Medicinal Plants says that it contains "toxic alkaloids and steroids" and can kill by "paralysis and weakened heart." So keeping the kids away from the berries and plants was a good idea. If you get a burning sensation in your mouth when you eat potato, spit it out immediately. Bittersweet nightshade is a perennial vine or scrambling shrub in the Solanaceae (nighshade) family which also includes tomatoes, potatoes, pepper, and eggplants. The fruits are eaten by birds and some mammals. The level of toxicity that your pet is exposed to is critical in its survival. Supportive medications may be administered to correct any heart rhythm malfunction as well as medications to cease tremors if your dog is experiencing them. A study discovered that even non-weight people who have a lower body mass index have a lower risk of diabetes. Pet poisoning is typically caused by the consumption of alcoholic beverages or food containing alcohol. A quick look at the foods you should avoid include eggplants, tomatoes, tomatillos, potatoes, spinach, pimentos, ground cherries, chili peppers, paprika, cayenne peppers, and tobacco leaves. Some foods on the list can cause nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain in addition to vomiting and diarrhea. When the leaves are bruised or crushed, they have an unpleasant odor. Each flower produces a round or egg-shaped berry that matures from green to orange or red. Program offices are located at 201 S. Jackson St., Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98104. A child can die if he consumes two or four berries in a single sitting. wheezing or difficulty breathing. They can be ovate or heart-shaped. The most common side effects from eating red baneberry are dizziness, stomach cramps, headaches, vomiting, and diarrhea. The leaves and stems have an unpleasant odor when bruised or crushed. Even a handful of bitter almonds can lead to. Control of small infestations may be managed by manual control; however, large infestations may require the use of herbicides. These compounds, in addition to wreaking havoc on the body, can cause chronic health conditions such as arthritis to worsen. There are multiple species of nightshade, all poisonous to your dog if ingested. Adverse Reactions Dilated pupils and GI effects (diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting) have been reported. Generally, the leaves and green fruits are toxic. Onset of symptoms will vary depending on how much nightshade was ingested. Fruits like these may appear to be relatively harmless to cats, but they are not. Cactus Farming In The Skyblock Hypixel Server: Can It Be Done Offline? If you are unable to use an antidote, drink plenty of water and eat something that will help you recover. If you have a particularly large patch of bittersweet nightshade in a wetland area or you plan to use herbicides, make sure that you check out the guidelines in the Best Management Practices for bittersweet nightshade. The bittersweet plant is not poisonous to dogs. . It grows well in many locations and produces small, bright-colored fruits; the climbing bittersweet plant is also known as the American bittersweet, waxwork, celastrus scandens, shrubby bittersweet, and false bittersweet. The berries are poisonous to humans and can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea if eaten. The American bittersweet plant is a beautiful, fast-growing vine that produces small, greenish-yellow flowers in the springtime. After the plants have been fully leafed out, glyphosate can be used as afoliar throughout the summer. Symptoms may be delayed for several hours. If you are unsure whether you are intolerant to nightshades, consult your dietitian. Read our Commitment to Diversity | Read our Privacy Statement. They should not be consumed by children or animals on any property where children or animals may be present. While some of these symptoms may be considered mild, many of them are extremely severe. Nausea, vomiting, salivation, drowsiness, abdominal pain, low blood pressure, low heart rate, diarrhea, dilated pupils, weakness, respiratory depression; may be fatal to humans, pets, and livestock. The ADA advises people with certain health conditions to avoid eating nightshades due to their potential to worsen their conditions. All four species contain the toxic compound atropine, which can cause serious health problems if ingested. The bittersweet nightshade is a native of Eurasia, but it has been introduced to many parts of the United States and Canada. Oregano leaves, bark, and roots were used to treat childbirth pains, gastrointestinal discomfort, skin ulcers, coughs, tuberculosis, toothaches, and even cancer during the Middle Ages. Purple petals curve backwards, prominent yellow stamens. low climbing, scrambling, sprawling semi-woody vine that climbs on adjacent vegetation, stems are erect, young stems are purple and becomegreenish-brown, woody lower stems, hollow pith, no tendrils, leaves a dark green upper surface, ovate with basal lobes, leaves and stems have an unpleasant odor when crushed or bruised, clusters of flowers, each flower star-shaped, purple petalsthat curve backward with protrudingyellow column of stamens, small green berries that ripen to a shiny red. These plants are also fairly drought-tolerant, so they can be a good choice for areas that experience little rainfall. Because you have never had a heart attack or stroke, taking aspirin is unlikely to be beneficial to you. Bittersweet nightshade, a slender perennial vine, has a semi-woody appearance and grows to a height of 3 to 4 feet. In addition to a dark green foliage, the flowers are purple-tinged in color. There is no way to heal necrotic tissue in the gastrointestinal tract; your dog would have to undergo surgery for removal of the necrotic section. People who wear nightshades are said to suffer from arthritis and other health issues. Find certified small business contractors and suppliers, King County Noxious Weed Alert: Bittersweet Nightshade, King County Noxious Weed Control Best Management Practices: Bittersweet Nightshade, University of Washington Burke Herbarium Image Collection: Solanum dulcamara, Flowers have star-shaped, purple, backward-pointing petals and stamens fused in a prominent yellow cone; grow in clusters along branches on short stalks extending out from the stems, Berries are round or egg-shaped and bright red when ripe with numerous yellow, flattened seeds; unripe berries are green, Leaves are dark-green to purplish and often with one or two small ear-like lobes near the base, leaf blades are 1 to 4 inches long, Main root grows horizontally just below the surface and suckers frequently, Crushed leaves and bark have an unpleasant smell, Fruit and seed production can be abundant; each berry contains about 30 seeds, Spreads to new locations by birds eating the ripe berries and by fragments of stem and root moving in soil or water, Moves out from a parent plant by way of suckering roots, prostrate stems rooting at nodes, and by growing up and over vegetation or structures like fences and buildings, Climbs onto small trees, shrubs and fences or remains low-growing depending on what is available; can climb 30 feet or higher into trees or form thickets along the ground, Branches grow and die back 3 to 6 feet or more each year. They are members of the same family as tomatoes and potatoes. This plant, like tomatoes, potatoes, and peppers, is an edible member of the nightshade family. If you have an autoimmune disease, it may be worthwhile to eliminate nightshades. The flowers are attractive to bumblebees. Cardiovascular system Slow heart rate, decreased cardiac output, shock, coma, and death Respiratory System Labored breathing Nervous System Depression, drowsiness, muscle tremors, incoordination. If he is suffering severe respiratory distress, the veterinarian may have to intubate and keep him on oxygen via intubation until he stabilizes.

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